History of English Literature – The Age of Milton (Puritan Age)
The Age of Milton (1603–1660), also known as the Puritan Age, follows the Elizabethan period. It is named after John Milton, one of the greatest epic poets in English literature. This age is marked by political conflict, religious seriousness, moral discipline and a shift from artistic freedom to intellectual and spiritual concerns.
Historical Background
- Death of Queen Elizabeth I (1603) – Beginning of Stuart rule.
- Reign of James I and Charles I – Political tensions rise.
- English Civil War (1642–1649) – Conflict between King and Parliament.
- Execution of Charles I (1649) – Establishment of Commonwealth.
- Rule of Oliver Cromwell – Puritan dominance.
This period is characterised by religious strictness and political upheaval, which deeply influenced literature.
Features of the Age of Milton
- Puritanism – Focus on morality, religion and discipline.
- Decline of Drama – Theatres were closed during Puritan rule.
- Rise of Prose – Political and religious writings increased.
- Serious Tone – Literature became thoughtful and philosophical.
- Individual Reflection – Writers explored inner life and faith.
John Milton (1608–1674)
John Milton is the central figure of this age and one of the greatest epic poets in English literature. He is known for his deep religious faith, political involvement, and mastery of language.
Major Works
- Paradise Lost – Epic poem about the fall of man.
- Paradise Regained – Focuses on Christ’s victory over temptation.
- Samson Agonistes – A tragic drama in poetic form.
Early Poems
- Lycidas – Pastoral elegy.
- Comus – Masque.
- L’Allegro and Il Penseroso
Prose Works
- Areopagitica – Defence of freedom of speech.
Milton is famous for his use of blank verse and grand, elevated style.
Metaphysical Poets
This period also includes the Metaphysical Poets, known for intellectual poetry and complex imagery.
1. John Donne
- Leader of metaphysical poetry.
- Used conceits (extended metaphors).
2. George Herbert
- Religious poetry.
3. Andrew Marvell
- Famous poem: To His Coy Mistress
Cavalier Poets
Opposed to Puritan seriousness, Cavalier poets supported the king and celebrated beauty and pleasure.
- Robert Herrick
- Richard Lovelace
- Sir John Suckling
Prose Writers
- Thomas Hobbes – Leviathan
- Jeremy Taylor – Religious prose
- John Milton – Political writings
Language and Style
- Use of blank verse
- Elevated and serious tone
- Complex imagery and philosophical ideas
- Latin influence on sentence structure
Importance of the Age of Milton
- Development of epic poetry.
- Rise of political and religious prose.
- Introduction of metaphysical poetry.
- Transition towards Restoration literature.
Quick Revision Table
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Period | 1603–1660 |
| Other Name | Puritan Age |
| Main Writer | John Milton |
| Major Work | Paradise Lost |
| Features | Religious tone, prose growth, decline of drama |
| Poets | Metaphysical & Cavalier poets |
| Language | Early Modern English |
| Significance | Epic poetry and serious literature |
Conclusion
The Age of Milton reflects a time of deep political and religious change. While drama declined, poetry and prose reached intellectual heights. Milton’s works remain timeless for their grandeur, moral vision and poetic excellence.
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