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State Government – Detailed Summary
Book: Samacheer Kalvi 7th Social Science
Term: Term 2
Subject: Civics
Unit: Unit 1
Lesson Name: State Government
About the Lesson
“State Government” is an important Civics lesson in the Samacheer Kalvi 7th Social Science book. This lesson explains how the government works at the state level.
India follows a federal system. Power is divided between the Central Government and the State Governments. Each state has its own government to look after the welfare and administration of the people in that state.
Current GK Note: Some older textbook-back answers mention 29 states and 7 Union Territories. For current general knowledge, India has 28 states and 8 Union Territories. For school exam answers, follow your teacher’s latest instruction.
Learning Objectives
- To understand the meaning of State Government.
- To recognise the difference between Parliament and State Legislature.
- To understand the election procedure for MLAs.
- To know the role of the Governor.
- To understand the powers and functions of the Chief Minister.
- To know the role of the Council of Ministers.
- To identify the three main organs of government.
- To understand the role of the High Court and Lok Adalat.
Detailed Summary of the Lesson
1. Meaning of State Government
State Government is the government that administers a state. It works for the welfare, development, law and order, education, health, transport, agriculture, revenue, and public services of the state.
The State Government includes the Governor, the Chief Minister, and the Council of Ministers.
2. Federal System
India has a federal system of government. In this system, power is divided between the Central Government and State Governments.
The Central Government works for the whole country. The State Government works for a particular state.
3. Central Government
The Central Government is the government of the whole Indian Union.
The President of India is the Head of the Indian Union. The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers run the Central Government.
4. State Government
Each state has a separate government to run its administration. The State Government works according to the Constitution of India.
The Governor, Chief Minister, and Council of Ministers form the important part of the State Government.
5. Parliament and State Legislature
Parliament is the law-making body at the national level. State Legislature is the law-making body at the state level.
The members of Parliament are called MPs. The members of the Legislative Assembly are called MLAs.
6. MLA
MLA stands for Member of Legislative Assembly.
MLAs are representatives of the people. They are elected directly by the people through general elections. Each MLA represents a particular constituency.
7. Legislative Assembly
Legislative Assembly is the lower house of the State Legislature.
It is the place where MLAs meet and discuss matters related to the welfare and development of the state.
8. Fort St. George
Fort St. George is located in Chennai.
It is the first English fortress in India. It currently houses the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly and Secretariat of Tamil Nadu.
9. Constituency
For election purposes, the state is divided into several constituencies based on population.
A constituency is a particular area where voters choose their representative. Political parties nominate candidates in each constituency.
10. Election of MLAs
MLAs are elected by the people through general elections.
All citizens who have completed 18 years of age can vote. The candidate who gets the highest number of votes in a constituency is declared elected and becomes an MLA.
11. Election Commission of India
The Election Commission of India conducts and monitors elections.
It ensures that elections are conducted in a free and fair manner.
12. Majority Party
After the election, the party that gets more than half of the total seats is called the majority party.
The Governor calls the leader of the majority party to form the State Government.
13. Ruling Party
The party that forms the government is called the ruling party.
Its leader becomes the Chief Minister of the state.
14. Opposition Party
The party or parties that do not belong to the ruling party are called the opposition party.
The opposition party questions the government, points out mistakes, and helps in the democratic functioning of the legislature.
15. Governor
The Governor is the constitutional head of the state.
The Governor is appointed by the President of India for a term of five years. The administration of the state is carried on in the name of the Governor.
16. Qualifications to Become Governor
To become the Governor of a state, a person must have certain qualifications.
- He or she should be a citizen of India.
- He or she should have completed 35 years of age.
- He or she should be of sound mind.
- He or she should not hold any public office of profit.
17. Powers and Functions of Governor
The Governor is an integral part of the State Legislature and the head of the state executive.
- All administration is carried on in the name of the Governor.
- He appoints the Chief Minister.
- He appoints other ministers on the advice of the Chief Minister.
- All bills become laws only after his assent.
- He appoints important officials of the state government.
- He is the Chancellor of government universities in the state.
18. Chief Minister
The Chief Minister is the real executive head of the state administration.
The leader of the majority party is appointed as Chief Minister by the Governor.
19. Qualifications to Become Chief Minister
To become a Chief Minister, a person should be a member of the Legislative Assembly.
If he or she is an MLA, the minimum age is 25 years. If he or she is an MLC, the minimum age is 30 years.
20. Functions of the Chief Minister
- The Chief Minister is the real executive head of the state.
- He allocates portfolios among the ministers.
- He leads the Council of Ministers.
- He formulates programmes and policies for the welfare of the people.
- He coordinates the work of all ministers.
- He advises the Governor in the appointment of ministers.
21. Council of Ministers
The Chief Minister forms the Council of Ministers in consultation with the Governor.
The Council of Ministers helps the Chief Minister in the administration of the state. The ministers work as a team under the Chief Minister.
22. Collective Responsibility
The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly.
This means that all ministers are together responsible for the decisions and actions of the government.
23. Legislative Council
Some states in India have two houses in their State Legislature.
The upper house is called the Legislative Council. The members of the Legislative Council are called MLCs.
24. Legislative Assembly
The lower house is called the Legislative Assembly.
The members of the Legislative Assembly are called MLAs. They are directly elected by the people.
25. Bicameral Legislature
A legislature with two houses is called a bicameral legislature.
The two houses are Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council.
26. Unicameral Legislature
A legislature with only one house is called a unicameral legislature.
Tamil Nadu has only the Legislative Assembly. So, Tamil Nadu has a unicameral legislature.
27. Three Organs of Government
The three main organs of government are:
- Legislative
- Executive
- Judiciary
28. Legislative
The legislative organ makes laws.
At the state level, the Legislative Assembly performs this function.
29. Executive
The executive organ implements laws and runs the administration.
The Governor, Chief Minister, and Council of Ministers are part of the state executive.
30. Judiciary
The judiciary interprets laws and gives justice.
At the state level, the High Court is the highest judicial organ.
31. High Court
The High Court is the highest judicial organ at the state level.
It has jurisdiction over the whole state. It consists of the Chief Justice and other judges.
32. District Courts and Tribunals
Apart from the High Court, there are district courts and tribunals.
These courts help to provide justice to the people at different levels.
33. Lok Adalat
Lok Adalat means people’s court.
Lok Adalat helps to settle disputes through conciliation and compromise. It helps people get quick and simple justice.
34. Importance of State Government
State Government is important because it works closely with the people of the state.
It looks after education, health, police, agriculture, transport, revenue, local administration, social welfare, and development schemes.
Central Idea of the Lesson
The central idea of the lesson is that each state in India has its own government. The State Government is formed through elections. MLAs are elected by the people. The Governor is the constitutional head of the state, while the Chief Minister is the real executive head. The three main organs of government are legislative, executive, and judiciary. The State Government works for the welfare and development of the people.
State Government – Main Parts
| Part | Role |
|---|---|
| Governor | Constitutional head of the state; appointed by the President of India. |
| Chief Minister | Real executive head of the state administration. |
| Council of Ministers | Helps the Chief Minister in running the State Government. |
| Legislative Assembly | Law-making body of the state; MLAs discuss state welfare matters. |
| High Court | Highest judicial organ at the state level. |
Central Government Vs State Government
| Central Government | State Government |
|---|---|
| Works for the whole country. | Works for a particular state. |
| President is the Head of Indian Union. | Governor is the constitutional head of the state. |
| Prime Minister is the real executive head. | Chief Minister is the real executive head. |
| Parliament makes laws at the national level. | State Legislature makes laws at the state level. |
| Members of Parliament are called MPs. | Members of Legislative Assembly are called MLAs. |
Important Terms
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| MLA | Member of Legislative Assembly. |
| MP | Member of Parliament. |
| MLC | Member of Legislative Council. |
| Constituency | An area where voters choose their representative. |
| Majority Party | Party that gets more than half of the total seats. |
| Ruling Party | Party that forms the government. |
| Opposition Party | Party or parties that do not belong to the ruling party. |
| Cabinet | Committee of senior ministers. |
| Lok Adalat | People’s court. |
Bicameral and Unicameral Legislature
| Type | Meaning | Example / Point |
|---|---|---|
| Bicameral Legislature | Legislature with two houses. | Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council. |
| Unicameral Legislature | Legislature with only one house. | Tamil Nadu has only the Legislative Assembly. |
Three Organs of Government
| Organ | Main Function | State-Level Example |
|---|---|---|
| Legislative | Makes laws. | Legislative Assembly. |
| Executive | Implements laws and runs administration. | Governor, Chief Minister, Council of Ministers. |
| Judiciary | Interprets laws and gives justice. | High Court, District Courts, Tribunals. |
Governor and Chief Minister
| Governor | Chief Minister |
|---|---|
| Constitutional head of the state. | Real executive head of the state. |
| Appointed by the President of India. | Appointed by the Governor. |
| Term of office is five years. | Leader of the majority party usually becomes Chief Minister. |
| All bills become law only after his assent. | A
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