Migration and Urbanisation – Detailed Summary | Samacheer Kalvi 8th Social Science | Geography

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Migration and Urbanisation – Detailed Summary

Book: Samacheer Kalvi 8th Social Science

Subject: Geography

Unit: Unit 4

Lesson Name: Migration and Urbanisation

About the Lesson

“Migration and Urbanisation” is an important Geography lesson in the Samacheer Kalvi 8th Social Science book. This lesson explains why people move from one place to another and how towns and cities grow.

Migration and urbanisation are closely connected. When people move from villages to towns and cities for jobs, education, safety and better facilities, urban population increases. This leads to urbanisation.

Learning Objectives

To understand the meaning of migration.
To learn the causes and consequences of migration.
To know the types of migration.
To understand push factors and pull factors.
To learn about rural to urban migration.
To understand the concept of urbanisation.
To know the origin and growth of urbanisation.
To understand the causes of urbanisation.
To learn the problems of urbanisation.
To prepare for textbook-back one-mark, short-answer and map-based questions.

Detailed Summary of the Lesson

1. Introduction

Human beings have always moved from one place to another. In the early period, people moved in search of food, water and safety.

Later, when people started settled life, they moved in search of fertile land, employment, trade, education and better living conditions. This movement of people is called migration.

2. Meaning of Migration

Migration means the permanent or semi-permanent change of residence of an individual or group of people over a significant distance.

In simple words, migration refers to the movement of people from one place to another.

3. United Nations Definition of Migration

According to the United Nations, migration is a form of geographical mobility of population from one geographical unit to another.

It generally involves a permanent change of residence.

4. Migration in Early Human Life

In the early days, human beings moved from place to place mainly in search of food.

When people started domestication of animals and cultivation of crops, they began to settle in places with fertile land.

5. Migration and Civilised Life

When people gave up forest life and started civilised life, the nature of migration changed.

They began to move from one region to another in search of fertile agricultural land, better livelihood and security.

Factors of Migration

6. Push and Pull Factors

There are many factors responsible for human migration. These factors are grouped into pull factors and push factors.

Pull factors: Favourable factors which attract people towards a place.
Push factors: Unfavourable factors which force people to move out from a place.

7. Pull Factors

Pull factors attract people to a new place.

Examples of pull factors are employment opportunities, good education, fertile land, better transport, good healthcare, safety and better quality of life.

8. Push Factors

Push factors force people to leave their native place.

Examples of push factors are poverty, unemployment, drought, flood, war, lack of facilities, natural disasters, social discrimination and political problems.

Causes of Migration

9. Major Causes of Migration

The causes of migration are generally classified into five groups:

Ecological or natural causes
Economic causes
Socio-cultural causes
Demographic causes
Political causes

10. Ecological or Natural Causes

Natural causes include volcanic eruption, earthquake, flood, drought and other natural disasters.

These events force people to leave their native places and settle in safer areas.

11. Economic Causes

Economy is one of the most important causes of human migration.

People migrate to other places for employment, fertile agricultural land, better income, trade, industries and development of technology.

12. Socio-Cultural Causes

Socio-cultural causes also influence migration.

Marriage, education, religious freedom, social customs and family reasons may cause people to migrate from one place to another.

13. Demographic Causes

Demographic causes are related to population.

Age, sex composition, overpopulation and underpopulation can cause migration. Overpopulation acts as a push factor, while underpopulation acts as a pull factor.

14. Political Causes

Political causes such as war, colonisation, government policies, civil war and political persecution lead to migration.

War is an important political cause of human migration.

Types of Migration

15. Classification of Migration

Migration can be classified in several ways. It is usually classified on the basis of:

Movement associated with administrative limits
Willingness of migrants
Duration of stay

16. Migration Based on Administrative Limits

Based on administrative limits, migration is divided into two types:

Internal Migration
International Migration

17. Internal Migration

The movement of people within a country is called internal migration.

Internal migration does not cross national boundaries.

18. Types of Internal Migration

Internal migration is classified into four types:

Rural to Urban migration
Urban to Urban migration
Rural to Rural migration
Urban to Rural migration

19. Rural to Urban Migration

Rural to urban migration is the movement of people from villages to towns and cities.

People mostly move from rural areas to urban areas in search of better jobs, education and recreation facilities.

20. Urban to Urban Migration

Urban to urban migration refers to the movement of people from one town or city to another town or city.

This may happen due to job transfer, business opportunities, education, marriage or better facilities.

21. Rural to Rural Migration

Rural to rural migration is the movement of people from one village to another village.

Migration in search of fertile agricultural land is an example of rural to rural migration.

22. Urban to Rural Migration

Urban to rural migration is the movement of people from cities or towns to villages.

This may happen due to retirement, farming interest, high cost of urban living or search for a peaceful environment.

23. International Migration

Migration that occurs across national boundaries is called international migration.

When a person moves from one country to another country, it becomes international migration.

24. Emigration

Emigration means moving out from one’s own country to another country.

A person who leaves his own country to live in another country is called an emigrant.

25. Immigration

Immigration means moving into another country for settlement.

A person who comes into a country from another country is called an immigrant.

26. Voluntary Migration

If migration takes place based on a person’s free will, initiative and desire to live in a better place, it is called voluntary migration.

Migration for better job opportunities, education and quality of life are examples of voluntary migration.

27. Involuntary Migration

If migration takes place against the will of migrants, it is called involuntary migration.

Migration due to war, natural disasters, political persecution or forced displacement is called involuntary migration.

28. Short-Term Migration

Short-term migration occurs when migrants stay outside their place of origin only for a short period.

They return to their original place after the work or purpose is completed.

29. Long-Term Migration

Long-term migration occurs when migrants stay outside their place of origin at least for a few years.

It may be caused by employment, education, business or permanent settlement.

30. Seasonal Migration

Seasonal migration occurs when a group of people migrates from their native places during a particular season and returns after the end of that season.

Agricultural labour migration during sowing or harvesting seasons is an example of seasonal migration.

31. Transhumance

Transhumance is also referred to as seasonal migration.

It is the seasonal movement of people with their livestock between different grazing areas.

Consequences of Migration

32. Migration Affects Two Areas

Migration affects both the area of origin and the area of destination.

It changes population distribution, social life, economy, environment and urban growth.

33. Demographic Consequences

Migration changes the age and sex composition of population.

Female migration after marriage may change sex ratio. Male migration in search of jobs may reduce the working population in source regions and increase dependency ratio.

34. Social Consequences

Migration brings people from different regions together.

This may lead to the formation of plural society. It helps people come out of narrow-mindedness and become more generous.

35. Economic Consequences

Migration affects the economy of both source and destination regions.

It may change the occupational structure of an area and affect the balance between population and resources.

36. Brain Drain

Brain drain refers to the migration of skilled people from economically backward countries to developed countries in search of better opportunities.

This may lead to backwardness in source regions. This is called the backwash effect.

37. Environmental Consequences

Large-scale movement of people from rural to urban areas causes overcrowding in cities.

It puts heavy pressure on land, water, housing, transport and sanitation facilities.

38. Urban Environmental Problems

Overpopulation in urban areas causes air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution.

Scarcity of drinking water, lack of housing space, traffic congestion, poor drainage and slum formation are common urban environmental problems.

Urbanisation

39. Meaning of Urbanisation

Urbanisation is the process in which there is an increase in the proportion of population living in towns and cities.

It is mainly caused by the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.

40. Causes of Urbanisation

Urbanisation is mainly driven by three factors:

Natural population growth
Rural to urban migration
Reclassification of rural areas into urban areas

41. Rural to Urban Migration and Urbanisation

Rural to urban migration is one of the most important causes of urbanisation.

People move from villages to cities for employment, education, transport, healthcare, recreation and better facilities.

42. Urbanisation and Demographic Change

Urbanisation brings changes in the composition of population.

It changes the size, density, occupation, lifestyle and distribution of population.

43. Urbanisation and Land Cover

Urbanisation changes land use and land cover.

Agricultural land and open spaces may be converted into houses, roads, factories, offices and commercial areas.

44. Urbanisation and Economic Processes

Urbanisation changes economic activities.

Cities become centres of industry, trade, transport, education, services, finance, communication and administration.

Origin and Growth of Urbanisation

45. Long History of Urbanisation

The process of urbanisation has a long history.

Towns and cities started developing from prehistoric times when human beings began settled life.

46. Urbanisation in the Ancient Period

Urban centres started developing during the prehistoric period, before 10,000 years.

Primitive people began to domesticate plants and animals. Permanent settlements developed, and river valley regions gave rise to agrarian communities.

47. Excess Production of Food Grains

Excess production of food grains was the major reason for urbanisation in the prehistoric period.

When food production increased, people could engage in trade, crafts, administration and other non-agricultural activities.

48. Important Ancient Cities

Important ancient cities of the world included Ur and Babylon in Mesopotamia, Thebes and Alexandria in Egypt, Athens in Greece, and Harappa and Mohenjodaro in India.

49. Greek and Roman Urbanisation

In the ancient period, the number and size of urban centres increased during the Greek and Roman colonising periods.

Expansion of trade promoted the growth of towns and cities.

50. Medieval Urbanisation

The medieval period refers to the period after the 11th century.

During this period, European countries increased overseas trade, which helped revive European towns and cities.

51. Important Medieval Cities

At the end of the 13th century, Paris, London, Geneva, Milan and Venice were important cities in Europe.

52. Modern Urbanisation

The modern period of urbanisation started from the 17th century.

The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century accelerated the growth of towns and cities.

53. Transport, Communication and Trade Routes

Modern means of transport and communication strengthened trade centres and urban areas.

Development of new trade routes also accelerated urban growth in the modern period.

54. Global Urban Population

In 1950, about 30% of the world’s population was urban.

In 2007, for the first time in history, the global urban population exceeded the global rural population.

55. Major Urban Growth Countries

India, China and Nigeria are expected to account for a large share of the growth in the world’s urban population between 2018 and 2050.

Problems of Urbanisation

56. Urban Problems

Rapid urbanisation creates several problems in cities and towns.

These problems affect housing, transport, water supply, drainage, sanitation, health and environment.

57. Housing and Slums

Increase in urban population creates shortage of housing.

Lack of space for housing and high land cost lead to the development of slums. Slums are generally found in cities.

58. Overcrowding

Overcrowding means too many people living in a limited space.

It creates unhealthy environment and may lead to diseases, social tension and poor quality of life.

59. Water Supply, Drainage and Sanitation

Water supply, drainage and sanitation are major urban problems.

Many cities face shortage of drinking water, poor drainage and difficulty in garbage removal.

60. Transportation and Traffic

Rapid urbanisation increases the number of vehicles.

Lack of proper transport planning causes traffic congestion. Increasing number of two-wheelers and cars makes traffic problems worse.

61. Pollution

Towns and cities are major polluters of the environment.

Sewage, industrial effluents, vehicle smoke, toxic gases and garbage pollute air, water and soil.

62. Need for Planned Urban Growth

Urbanisation should be properly planned.

Good housing, clean water, sanitation, public transport, waste management, green spaces and pollution control are necessary for healthy urban life.

Central Idea of the Lesson

The central idea of the lesson is that migration and urbanisation are important human activities. Migration is the movement of people from one place to another due to natural, economic, social, demographic and political causes. Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities. Migration can lead to urban growth, but rapid urbanisation also creates problems such as slums, overcrowding, traffic, pollution, water scarcity and poor sanitation.

Migration – Quick Table

Term	Meaning
Migration	Movement of people from one place to another with permanent or semi-permanent change of residence.
Internal Migration	Movement of people within a country.
International Migration	Movement of people across national boundaries.
Emigration	Moving out from one’s own country to another country.
Immigration	Moving into another country for settlement.
Emigrant	A person who leaves his own country to live in another country.
Immigrant	A person who enters another country for settlement.

Push Factors and Pull Factors

Push Factors	Pull Factors
Unfavourable factors that force people to leave a place.	Favourable factors that attract people towards a place.
Poverty, unemployment, drought, flood, war, lack of facilities.	Employment, education, fertile land, safety, healthcare, better quality of life.
Example: People leave a drought-affected village.	Example: People move to a city for better job opportunities.

Causes of Migration

Cause	Examples
Ecological / Natural Causes	Volcanic eruption, earthquake, flood, drought.
Economic Causes	Employment, fertile agricultural land, trade, technology, better income.
Socio-Cultural Causes	Marriage, education, religious freedom, family reasons.
Demographic Causes	Age, sex composition, overpopulation, underpopulation.
Political Causes	War, colonisation, government policies, civil war, political persecution.

Types of Migration

Basis	Types
Administrative Limits	Internal migration and international migration.
Internal Migration	Rural to urban, urban to urban, rural to rural, urban to rural.
Willingness	Voluntary migration and involuntary migration.
Duration of Stay	Short-term migration, long-term migration and seasonal migration.

Consequences of Migration

Consequence	Explanation
Demographic Consequence	Changes age and sex composition of population.
Social Consequence	Creates plural society and cultural interaction.
Economic Consequence	Changes occupational structure and resource-population balance.
Brain Drain	Skilled people move from backward countries to developed countries.
Environmental Consequence	Overcrowding, pollution, traffic, poor drainage and slums in cities.

Urbanisation – Quick Table

Topic	Important Point
Urbanisation	Increase in the proportion of population living in towns and cities.
Main Cause	Movement of people from rural areas to cities.
Three Factors	Natural population growth, rural to urban migration and reclassification of rural areas.
Prehistoric Reason	Excess production of food grains.
Modern Growth	Accelerated by industrial revolution, transport, communication and trade routes.
Global Urban Population Exceeded Rural Population	2007.

Origin and Growth of Urbanisation

Period	Important Features
Ancient Period	Permanent settlements developed; river valleys gave rise to agrarian and urban communities.
Prehistoric Cities	Ur, Babylon, Thebes, Alexandria, Athens, Harappa and Mohenjodaro.
Medieval Period	Overseas trade revived towns and cities in Europe after the 11th century.
Medieval Cities	Paris, London, Geneva, Milan and Venice.
Modern Period	Industrial Revolution, transport, communication and trade routes accelerated urban growth.

Problems of Urbanisation

Problem	Explanation
Housing and Slums	Shortage of space and high land cost lead to slum formation.
Overcrowding	Too many people living in limited space create unhealthy conditions.
Water Supply	Rapid population growth creates drinking water scarcity.
Drainage and Sanitation	Poor drainage, sewage and garbage disposal create health problems.
Transportation and Traffic	More vehicles and poor planning create traffic congestion.
Pollution	Air, water and soil pollution increase in urban areas.

Most Populous Cities – Map Work

Place	Importance
Tokyo	One of the most populous cities in the world.
Delhi / New Delhi	Major metropolitan city in India.
Shanghai	Important populous city in China.
Mexico City	Important populous city in Mexico.
Sao Paulo	Important populous city in Brazil.
Oceania	Region to be marked in map work.
Latin America	Region to be marked in map work.
Paris	Important medieval European city.
London	Important medieval and modern city.
Cairo	Important city in Africa.

Important Exam Points from the Lesson

Question Focus	Answer
People move mainly in search of better jobs from	Rural to urban areas.
A person who moves from his own country to another country	Emigrant.
Migration in search of fertile agricultural land	Rural to rural migration.
War is a cause of migration under	Political causes.
Main reason for urbanisation in prehistoric period	Excess production of food grains.
Urbanisation is determined by	Three factors.
Major push factor operating in rural areas	Poverty.
Metropolitan city in India with second-highest urban population	Delhi.
Movement based on free will	Voluntary migration.
Urban growth in modern time accelerated by	Development of industries / new trade routes.
Emigration means	Outmigration.
Immigration means	In-migration.
Pull factor example	Employment opportunity.
Push factor example	Unemployment.
Marriage is connected with	Socio-cultural migration.
Slums are generally found in	Cities.
Transhumance is also referred to as	Seasonal migration.
World’s highly populated city in textbook focus	Tokyo.
International migrants in 2017	258 million.
Largest country of origin of international migrants in 2017	India.
Global urban population exceeded rural population in	2007.
Backwash effect connected with	Brain drain.
Rapid urbanisation results in	Slums.

Vocabulary to Remember

Migration – movement of people from one place to another.
Migrant – person who moves from one place to another.
Origin – place from where migration begins.
Destination – place where migrants go and settle.
Push Factor – unfavourable factor that forces people to leave a place.
Pull Factor – favourable factor that attracts people to a place.
Internal Migration – migration within a country.
International Migration – migration across national boundaries.
Emigration – moving out of one’s own country.
Immigration – moving into another country.
Emigrant – person who leaves his own country.
Immigrant – person who enters another country.
Voluntary Migration – migration based on free will.
Involuntary Migration – migration against the will of migrants.
Seasonal Migration – migration during a particular season.
Transhumance – seasonal movement of people with livestock.
Urbanisation – increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities.
Urban Area – town or city area with high population and non-agricultural activities.
Slum – poor and overcrowded settlement in a city.
Overcrowding – too many people living in a limited space.
Brain Drain – migration of skilled people to developed countries.
Backwash Effect – negative impact on source regions due to migration of skilled people.
Plural Society – society formed by people from different cultures and regions.
Demographic – related to population characteristics.
Sanitation – system of maintaining cleanliness and public health.

TET / Exam Focus Areas

Very Important Focus: These are the most expected textbook-based areas from this lesson.

Define migration.
What are push factors and pull factors?
Name any two pull factors of migration.
What are the causes of rural to urban migration?
State the causes of ecological or natural migration.
What are the different types of migration?
Differentiate internal migration and international migration.
Differentiate emigration and immigration.
Differentiate voluntary migration and involuntary migration.
What is seasonal migration?
What is transhumance?
Explain the various causes of migration.
Explain the consequences of migration.
What is urbanisation?
What are the causes of urbanisation?
Write about the origin and growth of urbanisation.
Discuss the problems of urbanisation.
Write the environmental consequences of migration.
Mark Tokyo, New Delhi, Mexico City, Shanghai, Sao Paulo, Oceania, Latin America, Paris, London and Cairo on the map.

Short Answer Questions and Answers

1. Define migration.

Migration is the permanent or semi-permanent change of residence of an individual or group of people over a significant distance. It refers to the movement of people from one place to another.

2. What are push factors?

Push factors are unfavourable factors which force people to move out from a place. Poverty, unemployment, drought, flood and war are examples.

3. What are pull factors?

Pull factors are favourable factors which attract people towards a place. Employment opportunities, education and fertile land are examples.

4. Name any two pull factors of migration.

Employment opportunities and education are two pull factors of migration.

5. What are the causes of rural to urban migration?

The main causes of rural to urban migration are search for employment, good education and recreation facilities.

6. State the causes of ecological or natural migration.

Volcanic eruption, earthquake, flood and drought are ecological or natural causes of migration. These events force people to leave their native places.

7. Name the five major causes of migration.

Ecological or natural causes, economic causes, socio-cultural causes, demographic causes and political causes are the five major causes of migration.

8. What is internal migration?

The movement of people within a country is called internal migration.

9. Name the four types of internal migration.

Rural to urban migration, urban to urban migration, rural to rural migration and urban to rural migration are the four types of internal migration.

10. What is international migration?

Migration that occurs across national boundaries is called international migration.

11. Who is an emigrant?

A person who moves from his own country to another country is called an emigrant.

12. What is immigration?

Immigration is the movement of people into another country for settlement.

13. What is voluntary migration?

Migration based on a person’s free will, initiative and desire to live in a better place is called voluntary migration.

14. What is involuntary migration?

Migration that takes place against the will of migrants is called involuntary migration.

15. What is seasonal migration?

Seasonal migration is the movement of people from their native places during a particular season and their return after the end of that season.

16. What is transhumance?

Transhumance is a type of seasonal migration in which people move with their livestock between different grazing areas.

17. What is brain drain?

Brain drain is the migration of skilled people from economically backward countries to developed countries in search of better opportunities.

18. What is backwash effect?

Backwash effect refers to the backwardness created in source regions when skilled people migrate to developed regions or countries.

19. What are the demographic consequences of migration?

Migration changes the age and sex composition of population. It may also affect sex ratio and dependency ratio in source and destination regions.

20. What are the social consequences of migration?

Migration brings people from different regions together and leads to the formation of plural society. It helps people become broader in outlook.

21. What are the environmental consequences of migration?

Large-scale migration to cities causes overcrowding, air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, drinking water scarcity, housing shortage, traffic congestion, poor drainage and slums.

22. What is urbanisation?

Urbanisation is the process in which there is an increase in the proportion of population living in towns and cities.

23. What are the causes of urbanisation?

Natural population growth, rural to urban migration and reclassification of rural areas into urban areas are the main causes of urbanisation.

24. What was the main reason for urbanisation in the prehistoric period?

Excess production of food grains was the main reason for urbanisation in the prehistoric period.

25. When did global urban population exceed global rural population?

Global urban population exceeded global rural population in 2007.

26. List any four most populous cities in the world.

Tokyo, Delhi, Shanghai and Mexico City are four most populous cities in the world mentioned in textbook-related exercise focus.

27. What are the problems of urbanisation?

Housing shortage, slums, overcrowding, water scarcity, poor drainage, poor sanitation, traffic congestion and pollution are the major problems of urbanisation.

28. Why do slums develop in cities?

Slums develop because of lack of housing space, high land cost, poverty and rapid increase in urban population.

29. Why are cities and towns major polluters?

Cities and towns produce large amounts of sewage, garbage, vehicle smoke, industrial effluents and toxic gases. So they become major polluters of the environment.

30. Why is planned urbanisation necessary?

Planned urbanisation is necessary to provide proper housing, water supply, sanitation, drainage, transport, waste management and pollution control.

How to Write This in Exam

For a short answer, write the direct definition first. For example, if the question asks “What is migration?”, write “Migration is the movement of people from one place to another with permanent or semi-permanent change of residence.”

For a paragraph answer, divide the answer into headings such as meaning of migration, causes of migration, types of migration, consequences of migration, urbanisation, causes of urbanisation and problems of urbanisation.

Sample Exam Answer

“Migration and Urbanisation” is an important Geography lesson in 8th Social Science. Migration means the permanent or semi-permanent change of residence of an individual or group of people over a significant distance. In simple words, it refers to the movement of people from one place to another.

Migration takes place due to many reasons. The causes of migration are classified into ecological or natural causes, economic causes, socio-cultural causes, demographic causes and political causes. Natural disasters like volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, floods and droughts force people to leave their native places. Economic causes such as employment opportunities and fertile land attract people to new places.

Migration can be classified in several ways. Based on administrative limits, it is divided into internal migration and international migration. Internal migration takes place within a country. It includes rural to urban, urban to urban, rural to rural and urban to rural migration. International migration takes place across national boundaries. Based on willingness, migration may be voluntary or involuntary. Based on duration, it may be short-term, long-term or seasonal migration.

Migration affects both source and destination regions. It changes age and sex composition, creates plural society, affects occupation and economy, and may also cause brain drain. Large-scale rural to urban migration causes overcrowding, pollution, housing shortage, traffic congestion, poor drainage and slums in cities.

Urbanisation is the process in which there is an increase in the proportion of population living in towns and cities. It is caused by natural population growth, rural to urban migration and reclassification of rural areas into urban areas. The process of urbanisation has a long history. Excess production of food grains was the major reason for urbanisation in the prehistoric period. In modern times, industrialisation, transport, communication and trade routes accelerated urban growth.

Rapid urbanisation creates many problems. Housing shortage, slums, overcrowding, water scarcity, poor sanitation, drainage problems, traffic congestion and pollution are the major problems of urbanisation. Therefore, planned urban growth is necessary for a healthy and sustainable urban life.

One Mark Important Points

Chapter Name – Migration and Urbanisation
Migration – Movement of people from one place to another
People Move for Better Jobs From – Rural to urban areas
Person Moving from Own Country to Another Country – Emigrant
Migration for Fertile Agricultural Land – Rural to rural migration
War Is a – Political cause of migration
Pull Factor – Employment opportunity
Push Factor – Unemployment / poverty
Major Push Factor in Rural Areas – Poverty
Internal Migration – Movement within a country
International Migration – Movement across national boundaries
Voluntary Migration – Migration by free will
Involuntary Migration – Migration against the will of migrants
Seasonal Migration Example – Transhumance
Transhumance – Seasonal migration
Emigration – Outmigration
Immigration – In-migration
Marriage – Socio-cultural migration
Brain Drain – Migration of skilled people
Backwash Effect – Negative effect on source region due to skilled migration
Urbanisation – Increase in proportion of population living in towns and cities
Urbanisation Determined By – Three factors
Causes of Urbanisation – Natural population growth, rural to urban migration and reclassification
Prehistoric Urbanisation Reason – Excess production of food grains
Global Urban Population Exceeded Rural Population – 2007
In 1950, Urban Population Was – 30% of world population
Modern Urban Growth Accelerated By – Industries, transport, communication and new trade routes
Industrial Revolution and Urban Growth – 19th century
Delhi – Important metropolitan city in India
Tokyo – Important world populous city
Slums Generally Found In – Cities
Rapid Urbanisation Results In – Slums
Cities and Towns Are Major – Polluters of environment
Map Work Places – Tokyo, New Delhi, Mexico City, Shanghai, Sao Paulo, Oceania, Latin America, Paris, London, Cairo

Short Conclusion

“Migration and Urbanisation” teaches us why people move from one place to another and how towns and cities grow. Migration is caused by natural, economic, socio-cultural, demographic and political reasons. Migration may be internal, international, voluntary, involuntary, short-term, long-term or seasonal. Urbanisation means increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities. It is caused by natural population growth, rural to urban migration and reclassification of rural areas. Rapid urbanisation creates problems such as slums, overcrowding, traffic, pollution, water scarcity and poor sanitation.